I. TITLE: BREATHING IN INSECT.
II. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT: Watching breathing in insects.
III. BASIS OF THEORY:
Breathing means carry out gas exchange, ie: take the oxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). O2 with CO2 gas exchange can take place through a process of diffusion. In animals there is a small ratio between body surface area to volume is large enough so that it can carry out gas exchange and adequate to meet their needs. This can be done by way of diffusion through the exchange of body. But in large animals, especially in active animals, the ratio between the area of the body volume is too small to do the same, therefore we need a special body surface to breath, to catch melepaska O2 and CO2. These tools can be either gills or lungs or airways (trachea) or other forms of exchange that can carry O2 with CO2. Oxygen or oxygen is a chemical element in the periodic table that has a system symbol O and atomic number 8, he is a class element chalcogens and can easily react with almost all other elements. In tempratur and standard pressure, these elements bind two atoms into oxygen, which is senywa diatomic gas with the formula O2 colorless, tasteless, and odorless
According logler (1977) oxygen consumption can be influenced by several factors, namely:
• The intensity of oxidative metabolism in cells
• The speed of exchange which controls the movement of water around the gills which diffuses through
• internal factor is the speed of blood circulation and blood volume that was brought to the gills
• oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
Insects are terrestrial animals that do not have lungs but using tracheal system for gas exchange. The skin on insects located on both sides of the thorax and abdomen, have sederatan lungs or also called spiracles, which is arranged on each segment and relate to the channel system valve or protected tracheal spiracles hairs to prevent excessive evaporation through these pores. The trachea is made up with regular, partly walking and partly longitudinal tranpersal. The diameter of the trachea which revolves around 1mm and always open with a thickening of the spiral-shaped and circular, formed of hard chitin, is an ingredient that is also found on the cuticle (Darmadi Goenarso, 2005)
The trachea is invaginasi (indentation into) from the ectoderm and generally have exit holes, called spiracles. The shape of a cylindrical vessel that has a layer of chitin (chitin). Chitin layer has thickened like a spiral. There are a pair of spiracles for each segment of the body sometimes has a valve to keep water evaporation. The trachea has branches and branches that penetrate the smallest diameter of a network called trakeolus with 1-24. Trakeolus do not have chitin layer and formed by cells called trakeoblas, trakeolus in insects tip clogged and filled with air or sometimes filled with fluid.
Tools of tracheal respiration in insects, udar enter and exit through holes called spiracles wrinkle or stigma that is located on either side of her body. From the air stigma continue to enter the trachea vessels elongate and partly to smooth the incoming air sacs throughout the body tissue. In the tracheal system is the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide does not require the help of transportation systems, especially blood.
The function of spiracles and trachea to allow passage of air kepercabangan trakeol channel called, which is a soft intracellular channel with a diameter of about 1μm. There are huge numbers and were in various tissues, especially muscle. Unlike trakease, soft channels are not coated with a cuticle, gas exchange occurs easily through the walls of this channel. Respiratory system in insects through a number of branching airways in the tracheal system. Oxygen is taken directly to the network, so it is not carried through the bloodstream. Distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide spending is not done through the circulatory system. In most insects by diffusion alone is fulfilled and therefore the body of insects are generally small berukurab. In some species, this diffusion is assisted by thoracic atauabdomen ritmiks movement.
How to draw air (ventilsi) such that, on the locust spiracles open and close alternately, so that air can enter the body through the thoracic spiracles and exit the body through the abdominal spiracles. In addition, insects can control the rate of entry of oxygen to the tissues. If an increase in muscle (when flying) will occur in the tissues of lactic acid buildup. As a result, osmotic pressure of tissue fluid increases so that the fluid in trakeol absorbed in, so that the airway more freely reach the network and the diffusion of oxygen to the tissues faster.
There are three phases of the respiratory movements of insects, namely:
• Inspiration approximately ¼ second, at the beginning of the inspiration valve open spiracles
• Phase exchange for 1 seconds, both spiracles on the thorax or abdomen close
• Phase ekspirase, and abdominal spiracles open
Air enters the tracheal system of the face on the inspiration and moving backwards during the phase of gas exchange and on the 3rd phase of the air out of the posterior spiracles. Opening and closing spiracles controlled by the nervous system.
Tracheal system functions to transport O2 and distribute them throughout the body and vice versa transporting CO2 to dikelurkan respiration results from the body. And the blood on the insect only functions to transport nutrients and not to transport respiratory gases. At the end there is a liquid so that air trakeolus easily diffuse into the network. In aquatic insects mosquito larvae air was obtained with breathing tubes sticking surface of the water to air, some aquatic insects have air bubbles in the hair-like organs on the ventral surface. During the dive, karbondiksida in bubbles moved through the system of the trachea to the respiratory cells. Also adapula melelui air capture insects that branches should be similar next gills of these fine branches oxygen circulate through the vessels in the trachea.
One of the factors that support a high metabolic rate, is that the flight muscle cells mitochondria and pipes wrapped with trake have sufficient oxygen for each of these organelles that generate ATP.
IV. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS:
Tools:
respirometerØ
CottonØ
PipetteØ
Stop / WatchØ
BalanceØ
Material:
Insects (grasshoppers)Ø
KOH / NaOH CrystalsØ
vaselineØ
EosinØ
V. HOW TO WORK:
1. Weigh heavy insects, record the result
2. Wrap KOH / NaOH crystals by using cotton and enter in the respirometer using tweezers ecara heart - heart
3. Enter respirometer insects and close connections with members vaseline on the cover for outside air does not enter into the respirometer
4. Rspirometer ends used as drops using a pipette with eosin
5. Observe the movement of eosin on pipe scale and in a safe in observation table
6. Perform the same steps to weight the different insect
VI. RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS:
Type of Animals animal's body weight (g) Scale eosin position every 2 minutes
1 2 3 4 Average
Grasshopper 6.5 grams 2.3 4.6 6.6 8.4 5.475
VII. DISCUSSION:
Simple respirometer is a device that can be used to measure the speed of breathing some kind of living organisms such as insects, flowers, roots, fresh sprouts. If no changes are beraarti temperature, respiratory rate can be expressed in ml / sec / g, which is the number of oxygen used by creatures experiment every 1 gram of weight per second. This tool works on a principle that in there breathing oxygen used by organisms and there is carbon dioxide released by him. If breathing organism that is stored in an enclosed space and the carbon dioxide released by the organisms in a closed room tied, then the air shrinkage will occur. Shrinkage velocity air in the room can be recorded (observed) in the capillary tube scale.
The working principle respirometer used for measuring the oxygen consumption rate of animals such as frogs or mice. This tool consists of syringe, manometer, tubes for specimen and control tube. Specimen tube, capillary tubes, valves 3-way syringe inlet outlet, specimen tube, and manometer tube dick.
Cotton small tube inserted into the specimen and drops with 20% KOH solution until saturated, after which the wire mesh tube is inserted into the specimen, then the animal experiments that have entered the weight into it as well. After that the movement of the position of iodine solution can be observed and recorded. The function of the KOH solution is to bind the CO2, so prgerakan of iodine solution is really only due to oxygen consumption.
The reaction between KOH with CO 2 is as follows:
KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O. Some factors that affect the rate of oxygen, are:
• Tempratur • Activities
• Species of animals • body size
Differences of this type of course lead to differences in oxygen consumption rate, because of differences in the type of course, means different morphological characters such as body size, and activities conducted by masig each animal. However the literature indicates something about the rate of oxygen consumption that is that temperature affects the amount of oxygen consumption rate it is due to van't Hoff law. Funnel air (trachea) is a respiratory equipment owned by the insects and other arthropods. Tracheal tubes comes down to a small hole in the outer skeleton (exoskeleton), called spiracles. Spiracles layered cylindrical-shaped vessels substance chitin, and is located in pairs on each body segment. Spiracles have a valve which is controlled by the muscles that open and close the spiracles occur regularly. In general, insect spiracles open during flight, and closed when the insects rest.
Oxygen from the outside in through the spiracles. Then the air from the spiracles to the blood vessels and subsequent tracheal tracheal vein branched more into fine branches called trakeolus so it can reach all tissues and inner organs. Trakeolus no chitin-coated, filled with fluid, and is formed by cells called trakeoblas. Gas exchange occurs between trakeolus with the body's cells. Trakeolus has the same function as capillaries on the transport system (transport) in vertebrates. The mechanism of breathing in insects, eg locusts, are as follows: If your stomach muscles to contract the locust mexrupih trachea so that air is rich coz out. Conversely, if the locust abdominal muscle relaxation, the trachea is back on its original volume so that the air pressure becomes smaller than the pressure outside as a consequence-rich air outside the entrance to the trachea 02. OZ tracheal system functions to transport and distribute them throughout the body, and vice versa transporting respiratory bacillus C02 is exhaled from the body. Thus, the blood on the insect only functions to transport nutrients and not to transport respiratory gases. At the end there is a liquid so that air trakeolus easily diffuse into the network. In aquatic insects like mosquito larvae air obtained with the breathing tube stuck into perxnukaan water to take the air.
Certain aquatic insects have air bubbles so that they can dive in the water for a long time. For example, ladybugs Notonecta sp. have air bubbles in the hair-like organs on the ventral surface. During the dive, O2 in the bubble moved through the trachea to the respiratory cells. In addition, there are also insects that have tracheal gills that function to absorb air from water, or the taking of air through the branches of a similar fine gill. Furthermore, this delicate branch of oxygen was circulated through the vessels of the trachea.
VIII. QUESTION:
1. What caused the shift eosin in this experiment?
Answer: because the respiration process occurs in grasshopper
2. Is there a relationship between insect weight with respiratory rate? Explain!
Answer: There are, the more weight the insect the faster breathing in insects (grasshoppers). Conversely, the lighter body of the insect, the slower the respiration in insects (grasshoppers).
3. What is the function of KOH / NaOH in the experiment?
Answer: The function of KOH / NaOH in the above experiment is to accelerate the process of breathing in the locust.
IX. CONCLUSION:
Based on observations and discussions can be deduced that the KOH / NaOH to help speed up the process of breathing in the locust, and there is a link between heavy breathing searangga with speed, The grasshopper's body weight, the more oxygen is needed so that the more rapid breathing. Conversely, more light weight then fewer and fewer insects also oxygen he needs so that the slower breathing.
II. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT: Watching breathing in insects.
III. BASIS OF THEORY:
Breathing means carry out gas exchange, ie: take the oxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). O2 with CO2 gas exchange can take place through a process of diffusion. In animals there is a small ratio between body surface area to volume is large enough so that it can carry out gas exchange and adequate to meet their needs. This can be done by way of diffusion through the exchange of body. But in large animals, especially in active animals, the ratio between the area of the body volume is too small to do the same, therefore we need a special body surface to breath, to catch melepaska O2 and CO2. These tools can be either gills or lungs or airways (trachea) or other forms of exchange that can carry O2 with CO2. Oxygen or oxygen is a chemical element in the periodic table that has a system symbol O and atomic number 8, he is a class element chalcogens and can easily react with almost all other elements. In tempratur and standard pressure, these elements bind two atoms into oxygen, which is senywa diatomic gas with the formula O2 colorless, tasteless, and odorless
According logler (1977) oxygen consumption can be influenced by several factors, namely:
• The intensity of oxidative metabolism in cells
• The speed of exchange which controls the movement of water around the gills which diffuses through
• internal factor is the speed of blood circulation and blood volume that was brought to the gills
• oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
Insects are terrestrial animals that do not have lungs but using tracheal system for gas exchange. The skin on insects located on both sides of the thorax and abdomen, have sederatan lungs or also called spiracles, which is arranged on each segment and relate to the channel system valve or protected tracheal spiracles hairs to prevent excessive evaporation through these pores. The trachea is made up with regular, partly walking and partly longitudinal tranpersal. The diameter of the trachea which revolves around 1mm and always open with a thickening of the spiral-shaped and circular, formed of hard chitin, is an ingredient that is also found on the cuticle (Darmadi Goenarso, 2005)
The trachea is invaginasi (indentation into) from the ectoderm and generally have exit holes, called spiracles. The shape of a cylindrical vessel that has a layer of chitin (chitin). Chitin layer has thickened like a spiral. There are a pair of spiracles for each segment of the body sometimes has a valve to keep water evaporation. The trachea has branches and branches that penetrate the smallest diameter of a network called trakeolus with 1-24. Trakeolus do not have chitin layer and formed by cells called trakeoblas, trakeolus in insects tip clogged and filled with air or sometimes filled with fluid.
Tools of tracheal respiration in insects, udar enter and exit through holes called spiracles wrinkle or stigma that is located on either side of her body. From the air stigma continue to enter the trachea vessels elongate and partly to smooth the incoming air sacs throughout the body tissue. In the tracheal system is the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide does not require the help of transportation systems, especially blood.
The function of spiracles and trachea to allow passage of air kepercabangan trakeol channel called, which is a soft intracellular channel with a diameter of about 1μm. There are huge numbers and were in various tissues, especially muscle. Unlike trakease, soft channels are not coated with a cuticle, gas exchange occurs easily through the walls of this channel. Respiratory system in insects through a number of branching airways in the tracheal system. Oxygen is taken directly to the network, so it is not carried through the bloodstream. Distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide spending is not done through the circulatory system. In most insects by diffusion alone is fulfilled and therefore the body of insects are generally small berukurab. In some species, this diffusion is assisted by thoracic atauabdomen ritmiks movement.
How to draw air (ventilsi) such that, on the locust spiracles open and close alternately, so that air can enter the body through the thoracic spiracles and exit the body through the abdominal spiracles. In addition, insects can control the rate of entry of oxygen to the tissues. If an increase in muscle (when flying) will occur in the tissues of lactic acid buildup. As a result, osmotic pressure of tissue fluid increases so that the fluid in trakeol absorbed in, so that the airway more freely reach the network and the diffusion of oxygen to the tissues faster.
There are three phases of the respiratory movements of insects, namely:
• Inspiration approximately ¼ second, at the beginning of the inspiration valve open spiracles
• Phase exchange for 1 seconds, both spiracles on the thorax or abdomen close
• Phase ekspirase, and abdominal spiracles open
Air enters the tracheal system of the face on the inspiration and moving backwards during the phase of gas exchange and on the 3rd phase of the air out of the posterior spiracles. Opening and closing spiracles controlled by the nervous system.
Tracheal system functions to transport O2 and distribute them throughout the body and vice versa transporting CO2 to dikelurkan respiration results from the body. And the blood on the insect only functions to transport nutrients and not to transport respiratory gases. At the end there is a liquid so that air trakeolus easily diffuse into the network. In aquatic insects mosquito larvae air was obtained with breathing tubes sticking surface of the water to air, some aquatic insects have air bubbles in the hair-like organs on the ventral surface. During the dive, karbondiksida in bubbles moved through the system of the trachea to the respiratory cells. Also adapula melelui air capture insects that branches should be similar next gills of these fine branches oxygen circulate through the vessels in the trachea.
One of the factors that support a high metabolic rate, is that the flight muscle cells mitochondria and pipes wrapped with trake have sufficient oxygen for each of these organelles that generate ATP.
IV. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS:
Tools:
respirometerØ
CottonØ
PipetteØ
Stop / WatchØ
BalanceØ
Material:
Insects (grasshoppers)Ø
KOH / NaOH CrystalsØ
vaselineØ
EosinØ
V. HOW TO WORK:
1. Weigh heavy insects, record the result
2. Wrap KOH / NaOH crystals by using cotton and enter in the respirometer using tweezers ecara heart - heart
3. Enter respirometer insects and close connections with members vaseline on the cover for outside air does not enter into the respirometer
4. Rspirometer ends used as drops using a pipette with eosin
5. Observe the movement of eosin on pipe scale and in a safe in observation table
6. Perform the same steps to weight the different insect
VI. RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS:
Type of Animals animal's body weight (g) Scale eosin position every 2 minutes
1 2 3 4 Average
Grasshopper 6.5 grams 2.3 4.6 6.6 8.4 5.475
VII. DISCUSSION:
Simple respirometer is a device that can be used to measure the speed of breathing some kind of living organisms such as insects, flowers, roots, fresh sprouts. If no changes are beraarti temperature, respiratory rate can be expressed in ml / sec / g, which is the number of oxygen used by creatures experiment every 1 gram of weight per second. This tool works on a principle that in there breathing oxygen used by organisms and there is carbon dioxide released by him. If breathing organism that is stored in an enclosed space and the carbon dioxide released by the organisms in a closed room tied, then the air shrinkage will occur. Shrinkage velocity air in the room can be recorded (observed) in the capillary tube scale.
The working principle respirometer used for measuring the oxygen consumption rate of animals such as frogs or mice. This tool consists of syringe, manometer, tubes for specimen and control tube. Specimen tube, capillary tubes, valves 3-way syringe inlet outlet, specimen tube, and manometer tube dick.
Cotton small tube inserted into the specimen and drops with 20% KOH solution until saturated, after which the wire mesh tube is inserted into the specimen, then the animal experiments that have entered the weight into it as well. After that the movement of the position of iodine solution can be observed and recorded. The function of the KOH solution is to bind the CO2, so prgerakan of iodine solution is really only due to oxygen consumption.
The reaction between KOH with CO 2 is as follows:
KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O. Some factors that affect the rate of oxygen, are:
• Tempratur • Activities
• Species of animals • body size
Differences of this type of course lead to differences in oxygen consumption rate, because of differences in the type of course, means different morphological characters such as body size, and activities conducted by masig each animal. However the literature indicates something about the rate of oxygen consumption that is that temperature affects the amount of oxygen consumption rate it is due to van't Hoff law. Funnel air (trachea) is a respiratory equipment owned by the insects and other arthropods. Tracheal tubes comes down to a small hole in the outer skeleton (exoskeleton), called spiracles. Spiracles layered cylindrical-shaped vessels substance chitin, and is located in pairs on each body segment. Spiracles have a valve which is controlled by the muscles that open and close the spiracles occur regularly. In general, insect spiracles open during flight, and closed when the insects rest.
Oxygen from the outside in through the spiracles. Then the air from the spiracles to the blood vessels and subsequent tracheal tracheal vein branched more into fine branches called trakeolus so it can reach all tissues and inner organs. Trakeolus no chitin-coated, filled with fluid, and is formed by cells called trakeoblas. Gas exchange occurs between trakeolus with the body's cells. Trakeolus has the same function as capillaries on the transport system (transport) in vertebrates. The mechanism of breathing in insects, eg locusts, are as follows: If your stomach muscles to contract the locust mexrupih trachea so that air is rich coz out. Conversely, if the locust abdominal muscle relaxation, the trachea is back on its original volume so that the air pressure becomes smaller than the pressure outside as a consequence-rich air outside the entrance to the trachea 02. OZ tracheal system functions to transport and distribute them throughout the body, and vice versa transporting respiratory bacillus C02 is exhaled from the body. Thus, the blood on the insect only functions to transport nutrients and not to transport respiratory gases. At the end there is a liquid so that air trakeolus easily diffuse into the network. In aquatic insects like mosquito larvae air obtained with the breathing tube stuck into perxnukaan water to take the air.
Certain aquatic insects have air bubbles so that they can dive in the water for a long time. For example, ladybugs Notonecta sp. have air bubbles in the hair-like organs on the ventral surface. During the dive, O2 in the bubble moved through the trachea to the respiratory cells. In addition, there are also insects that have tracheal gills that function to absorb air from water, or the taking of air through the branches of a similar fine gill. Furthermore, this delicate branch of oxygen was circulated through the vessels of the trachea.
VIII. QUESTION:
1. What caused the shift eosin in this experiment?
Answer: because the respiration process occurs in grasshopper
2. Is there a relationship between insect weight with respiratory rate? Explain!
Answer: There are, the more weight the insect the faster breathing in insects (grasshoppers). Conversely, the lighter body of the insect, the slower the respiration in insects (grasshoppers).
3. What is the function of KOH / NaOH in the experiment?
Answer: The function of KOH / NaOH in the above experiment is to accelerate the process of breathing in the locust.
IX. CONCLUSION:
Based on observations and discussions can be deduced that the KOH / NaOH to help speed up the process of breathing in the locust, and there is a link between heavy breathing searangga with speed, The grasshopper's body weight, the more oxygen is needed so that the more rapid breathing. Conversely, more light weight then fewer and fewer insects also oxygen he needs so that the slower breathing.
